A voice for
herbal medicine

We share traditional, scientific and practical insights written by experienced herbalists and health experts from the world of herbal medicine and natural health

Lady’s mantle is used for for digestive and reproductive conditions

Lady’s mantle

Alchemilla vulgaris Rosaceae

This member of the rose family is a potent astringent tissue tonic and wound healer that can be used for a wide range of conditions which are classified by poor tone, flaccidity and dampness.

Sustainability Status

Sustainability status

At risk from overharvesting and habitat loss. Read more about our sustainability guide.

Key benefits
  • Mucous membrane tonic
  • Female reproductive health
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Menorrhagia
  • Acute diarrhoea
  • Intestinal distonia
  • Dampness in the tissues
  • Wound healing
  • How does it feel?

    Lady’s mantle has a strong astringent quality due to its tannin content. This drying sensation can be immediately perceived upon tasting. It also has bitter qualities which are indicative of salicylate compounds.

  • What can I use it for?

    Lady’s mantle is an old-world remedy that is often seen on the apothecary shelves of modern herbalists. It is notably astringent due to the presence of tannins. Tannins have a tonic action upon different types of tissues in the body. These tonifying actions make lady’s mantle a choice herb for weak or under-functioning tissues in the reproductive and digestive systems (1).

    Lady’s mantle has a particular affinity for women and the female reproductive system. It is used to address a wide range of conditions and it is also a general female reproductive tonic.

    One of its most popular applications is for the management of menstrual pain particularly where it is caused by congestion or weakness in the uterine tissue (1). It has a number of uses for female conditions relating to poor tone which include menorrhagia (heavy menstruation) and leucorrhoea (vaginal discharge). Its astringent properties help to restore tone in the reproductive tissues whilst also reducing excess secretions (1,2). 

    A mild infusion can also be used as an eye wash to help reduce the inflammation of conjunctivitis. A stronger infusion may also be used as a gargle or mouth wash for sores, ulcers and laryngitis (1). Lady’s mantle has a long tradition of use as a mouthwash for healing inflammations in the mouth (3).

    Its tonic effects also offer some relief to digestive issues that are caused by weakness of the digestive mucous membranes. It may be drank as a tea to assist in digestive processes, especially for the digestion of fats (1). It is also commonly referenced for mild, non-specific diarrhoea (2,4).

  • Into the heart of lady’s mantle

    Lady's mantle with flowers (Alchemilla vulgaris)
    Lady’s mantle with flowers (Alchemilla vulgaris)

    Lady’s mantle is a herb with many associated energetic and emotional qualities. The primary energetic qualities of lady’s mantle are bitter, cooling, dry and astringent. 

    Lady’s mantle collects dew drops on its leaves in the morning. Matthew Wood draws an interesting connection between this botanical occurrence and its particular relationship with fluid management in the body. The presence of astringent tannins in lady’s mantle modify and control the outflow of fluids, whilst its salicylates have a thinning effect upon the blood, increasing systemic flowability and removal of fluids from the body. This explains the mechanism by which this herb can drive fluid from damp or weak tissues whilst strengthening and returning them to a healthy toned state (1). 

    This herb is a well-known astringent and tissue tonic due to the presence of its tannins. It is best applied where there is a relaxed or ‘flaccid’ tissue state in the mucous membranes but also in the skin. Matthew Wood also suggests a particular constitution of “pale, anaemic, sensitive women with prominent blue veins and moist skin“ for which lady’s mantle is specifically indicated (1).

    It is an excellent remedy where there has been traumatic injury in the female reproductive system or where traumatic sexual experiences may have left an energetic or physical imprint. It can be used for those recovering from miscarriage, sexual trauma, intrauterine device (IUD) extraction or insertion due to its tissue healing qualities (5).

    Lady’s mantle moderates tension and permeability of the mucous membranes in the digestive and reproductive systems but also in the urinary system. It is also mildly diuretic (8). These mucous membrane healing and astringent actions make lady’s mantle an excellent herb for phlegmatic coughs, oedema and other fluid retentions throughout the body.

    On an energetic level, lady’s mantle may be used for those who feel stuck in the sometimes tiresome reality of modern life, for those who wish to seek deeper spiritual connectivity. Its alchemical associations are understood to offer a transformative effect that helps enable freedom from past emotional ties. The positive potential of lady’s mantle is clear vision, courage, endurance and positive change.

    Its associations with the feminine mean that it is also connected to creativity and expression. It may be useful for those who are experiencing artistic blockages or for those who would benefit from being creatively energised. Elizabeth Brooke recommends burning lady’s mantle on a charcoal disc at night whilst visualising the creative practice you wish to deepen (5).

  • Traditional uses

    Lady's mantle plant (Alchemilla vulgaris)
    Lady’s mantle plant (Alchemilla vulgaris)

    Lady’s mantle was one of the popular woundworts of the Middle Ages. Wound worts were so named due to their ability to address and heal wounds. Lady’s mantle was formerly considered one of the best vulneraries (1,6). 

    It also has a long tradition of use in female reproductive disorders, hence its name, lady’s’ mantle (1). It was traditionally used for poor tone over the organs in the pelvic region, including for prolapse of the uterus, hernia, uterine bleeding and to restore tone in the uterine tissues after childbirth. The leaves also were used directly on the breasts to relieve inflammation and pain from engorgement (1).

    The uses of this herb in bygone times also included for rheumatic conditions to address the inflammation and dampness in the joints. It was used for purulent discharges and infected orifices such as for the ears, eyes and throat. A mild infusion could be used as an eye wash for conjunctivitis (1). 

    Culpepper writes “Lady’s Mantle is very proper for inflamed wounds and to stay bleeding, vomitings, fluxes of all sorts, bruises by falls and ruptures. It is one of the most singular wound herbs and therefore highly prized and praised, used in all wounds inward and outward, to drink a decoction thereof and wash the wounds therewith, or dip tents therein and put them into the wounds which wonderfully drieth up all humidity of the sores and abateth all inflammations thereof. It quickly healeth green wounds, not suffering any corruption to remain behind and cureth old sores, though fistulous and hollow (6)”.

  • Traditional actions

    Herbal actions describe therapeutic changes that occur in the body in response to taking a herb. These actions are used to express how a herb physiologically influences cells, tissues, organs or systems. Clinical observations are traditionally what have defined these actions: an increase in urine output, diuretic; improved wound healing, vulnerary; or a reduction in fever, antipyretic. These descriptors too have become a means to group herbs by their effects on the body — herbs with a nervine action have become the nervines, herbs with a bitter action are the bitters. Recognising herbs as members of these groups provides a preliminary familiarity with their mechanisms from which to then develop an understanding of their affinities and nuance and discern their clinical significance.

  • Traditional energetic actions

    Herbal energetics are the descriptions Herbalists have given to plants, mushrooms, lichens, foods, and some minerals based on the direct experience of how they taste, feel, and work in the body. All traditional health systems use these principles to explain how the environment we live in and absorb, impacts our health. Find out more about traditional energetic actions in our article “An introduction to herbal energetics“.

  • What practitioners say

    Lady's mantle fresh tea (Alchemilla vulgaris)
    Lady’s mantle fresh tea (Alchemilla vulgaris)

    Reproductive system

    Lady’s mantle is a primary herb used in the treatment of female reproductive conditions. Its astringent qualities have a tonic effect on the epithelium (mucous membrane linings of the internal organs). Herbalists have used this herb in the treatment of gynaecological disorders for centuries due to its restorative effect upon the womb and pelvic tissue (7,8).

    Some of the most common indications for lady’s mantle include for the treatment of heavy and paining menstruation (5,9). It is sometimes referenced for use in irregular menstruation as an emmenagogue that can encourage balanced menstrual flow (7).  It is not yet understood if this is due to a hormonal action although some herbalists believe that it influences the endocrine system through a feedback loop from its action upon the womb (8). Its physiological action in regulating and toning the uterine tissues locally also helps to moderate fluid output and improve the functional health of the reproductive tissues (7). 

    It supports women in all phases of their reproductive life from menarche to menopause, helping to establish healthy and regular periods. It normalises mood swings and mitigates premenstrual anxiety. It is also often included in the treatment of fertility issues that have no identifiable cause.

    Lady’s mantle is sometimes combined with yarrow and herbs to address the lymphatic system such as calendula on the treatment of fibroids or endometriosis (8). It is also useful for postpartum where there is a risk of uterine prolapse. It offers a healing and tonic effect to the uterine tissues that also makes it a choice herb in the recovery of abortions and miscarriages. It may be useful for where poor epithelial health results in a susceptibility to vaginal dysbiosis or thrush. It may also be useful in the  management of pelvic inflammatory disease (5).

    Lady’s mantle has a specific affinity for the breasts and is a valuable herb to help relieve swelling and pain that occurs for some women before menstruation (10). A spray or compress can be applied to help restore the breast tone upon cessation of breastfeeding (8). It is soothing and healing as a sitz bath to treat all kinds of genital issues and to help heal perineal tears or episiotomy wounds after childbirth (10).

    A lotion or cream may also be used for topical treatment of episiotomy wounds. Lady’s mantle strengthens and heals weakened epithelial tissue and skin around the genital area (5).

    Digestive system

    Lady’s mantle is often used for acute diarrhoea due to its astringent qualities. It may be used by herbalists where there is flaccidity or hyper-permeability in the intestinal mucous membranes. This type of tissue state in the digestive system can cause gut problems, poor assimilation of nutrients and loose stools. 

    The tannins in lady’s mantle have an astringent and tonic effect on the lining of the digestive tract which offers many benefits to digestion. Lady’s mantle may also therefore be used for acute nausea and indigestion (1).

    In the British Herbal Pharmacopeia lady’s mantle is referenced for use in dysentery and mild, acute, non-specific diarrhoea. It may combine well with agrimony or tormentil for gastroenteritis (4). Research has demonstrated specific anti-microbial activities against gastrointestinal pathogens Shigella and Yersinia (2).

    Lady’s mantle tea makes an excellent mouthwash to help address oral ulcers and sores. It can also be used as a gargle for laryngitis (7).

    Skin and tissue repair

    Lady’s mantle has wound and skin healing properties which have been evidenced through a small number of modern studies. It may be useful for the healing of rectal tears, episiotomies applied topically in the form of a lotion of cream (1). 

    The flavonoids in lady’s mantle are known to strengthen capillary permeability whilst also having a protective action on connective and elastic tissues. Its astringency makes it a useful agent to help in reducing the severity of haemorrhoids when used in the form of a suppository (11). 

    Lady’s mantle is an excellent vulnerary for healing minor open wounds. It helps bind the loose skin of a wound or for ulcers that have become fistulous. It helps to actively encourage wound healing, reduce infection and dry up discharge or infective fluids that may occur in some wounds and skin inflammations (1).

    Some interesting research has demonstrated a number mechanisms by which lady’s mantle assists in wound healing and tissue repair. It was shown to stimulate the regeneration of epithelial tissue in vitro. Another study demonstrated angio-protective effects which may be responsible for its ability to protect and restore connective tissues. Additionally, a number of its active compounds have been shown to inhibit proteolytic enzymes and protect elastin fibres in human tissue (2).

    Cardiovascular system

    Lady’s mantle has a profound effect on the vasculature through its tonic action and it has also been identified to contain high levels of vasoactive compounds (12). Although these uses may be less commonly referenced, it is well respected by herbalists as a herb that can address conditions such as venous insufficiency which may be accompanied by heavy legs and haemorrhoidal symptomology. This may be addressed using both internal and topical preparations (4).

  • Research

    Lady's mantle flowering (Alchemilla vulgaris)
    Lady’s mantle flowering (Alchemilla vulgaris)

    There are currently limited clinical trials on lady’s mantle. A number of in insightful in vivo/ in vitro studies that focus on extracts or isolated compounds that demonstrate a variety of its well-documented effects are discussed below to demonstrate the mechanism of action for some of the medicinal actions discussed in this monograph.

    Animal studies are not condoned by Herbal Reality, however for the purpose of including research from which some understanding of therapeutic actions can be confirmed, some animal studies have been referenced in the works included herein.

    Treatment of Aphthous stomatitis with topical Alchemilla vulgaris in glycerine

    An open label study was carried out to determine efficacy of lady’s mantle in the treatment of aphthous ulcers. Forty-eight otherwise healthy male and female patients aged 4–44 years of age were recruited to trial a topical standard 3% extract of lady’s mantle glycerine extract (Aphtarine) on common minor oral ulcers. The preparation was applied three times daily.

    The study revealed that the majority of patients experienced complete relief of discomfort and complete healing of the ulcers (60.4%) within two days and in 75% within three days. This is a significant result compared with 10.4% and 33.3% who went without treatment and 15% and 40% for those who used common over the counter treatments.

    This study confirms the highly effective healing properties and tolerability of a lady’s mantle glycerine extract (13).

    Vasorelaxant and blood pressure lowering effects of Alchemilla vulgaris: A comparative study of methanol and aqueous extracts

    An in vitro study was carried out on two preparations of lady’s mantle to investigate its potential microvascular and blood pressure lowering effects. Both aqueous and methanol extracts were added in 0.01–10 mg/ml concentrations in an accumulative manner

    Endothelial tissue of pre-contracted arteries displayed vasorelaxant activities using both extract types. 

    Opposing vascular effects were observed when extracts were applied in potassium pre-contracted arteries. Oral administration of the methanol extract of lady’s mantle produced significant hypotensive effects.

    Findings of this study suggest a that methanol extracts of lady’s mantle produce positive vascular effects in normal and experimental hypertensive conditions (12).

    Another in vivo study was carried out which identified a potential mechanism of action for lady’s mantle in its cardiovascular effects. The study found that lady’s mantle extracts increase the concentrations of lipids and phospholipids in erythrocyte (red blood cell) membranes. A reduction in the number of abnormal erythrocytes, and improved deformability of red blood cells was also observed in rats with arterial hypertension (14).

    Beyond traditional use of Alchemilla vulgaris: Genoprotective and antitumor activity in vitro

    An in vitro study was performed to investigate the potential of lady’s mantle ethanolic extract in the prevention and suppression of tumour development. The study carried out an assay of compounds which identified 45 active compounds that have free radical scavenging properties. In vitro methodology effectively demonstrated antioxidant activities on chromosome aberrations in peripheral human lymphocytes. The extract also showed suppression of growth of human cell lines derived from different types of tumors through the blockade of cell division, caspase-dependent apoptosis, and autophagic cell death.

    The study concludes that lady’s mantle extract has antioxidant, genoprotective, cytotoxic, anti-tumour and cytoprotective activities against subcellular structure damage which may inhibit tumorigenesis as well as the ability to suppress tumour cell growth (15).

    These works afford us a deeper insight into the medicinal activities of this fascinating plant and show its potential beyond many of its current uses.

  • Did you know?

    Lady’s mantle forms dew drops upon its leaves, which can be seen glistening in the sun on a summer’s morning. These drops are in fact a vascular secretion of the plant due to a process called guttation. The drops gather and nestle in the beautiful cup formed by the soft leaves. These are thought to be magical elixir with enhancing powers (10). 

    These drops are visually beautiful to find, giving the appearance of jewels or liquid mercury. These droplets of water were once considered by alchemists to be the purest form of water. It is said that this sacred water was used when attempting to turn base metal into gold — hence the name ‘alchemilla’ (16).

    The name Alchemilla is thought to have come from the Arabic word ‘alkmelych’ which translates as ‘alchemy’ (5).

Additional information

  • Botanical description

    Lady’s mantle is a small creeping herbaceous plant. The leaves soft and velvety grow up to 6” across with serrated edges. Each leaf is palmately veined with 7–11 partially folded lobes, giving it a pleated or fan like appearance. The foliage is light green to olive green in colour. Plants spread very slowly by rhizomes, forming mounds 12–15” tall that can spread in excess of two feet (15).

    The flowers bloom from June to August grow in loose divided clusters at the end of the freely-branching flower-stems, each on a short stalk, or pedicle. They are yellow-green in colour, numerous and small, at around 1/8 inch in diameter. The flowers have no petals, the calyx is four-cleft, with four conspicuous little bracteoles that have the appearance of outer and alternate segments of the calyx. The flowers contain four stamens, inserted on the mouth of the calyx, their filaments jointed (6).

  • Common names

    • Alchemilla
    • Lions foot
    • Frauenmantel (German)
    • Nine hooks
    • Bear foot
  • Safety

    Lady mantle should not be used during pregnancy or lactation unless under the instruction of a qualified medical herbalist. Has a tendency to dry up breast milk (7).

  • Interactions

    None known (17,18)

  • Contraindications

    None known (17,18)

  • Preparation

    • Tea (infusion)
    • Tincture
    • Liquid extract
  • Dosage

    Tincture (1:5 in 25%): Take between 2–4 ml in a little water up to three times a day (7).

    Liquid extract (1:1 in 25%): Take between 2–3 ml in a little water up to three times a day.

    Infusion: To make an infusion place 2–4 g of dried material in to one cup of boiling water, infuse for up to 15 minutes. This should be drunk hot three times a day (9).

  • Plant parts used

    Aerial parts — leaf and flowering parts

  • Constituents

    • Ellagtannins (5–8%) agrimoniin and laevigatin
    • Tannins (up to 15%)
    • Flavanol glycosides: Quercitin, rutin, kaempferol (9), luteolin (2)
    • Essential oil, phytosterols, aliphatic hydrocarbons (9)
    • Proanthcyanidins (2)
    • Trace amounts of salicylic acid (7)
Lady's mantle illustration (Alchemilla vulgaris)
  • Habitat

    The common lady’s mantle is native to Northern Hemisphere. It is native to UK, the Arctic circle in Europe, Asia and also in Greenland. If found in southern latitudes it is generally only on high mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas.

    It is distributed over Britain although often in the colder districts and on high-lying ground up to an altitude of 3,600 feet in the Scottish Highlands. It is abundant in Yorkshire, especially in the Dales. It may also be found in moist, hilly pastures and by streams, except in the south-east of England (6).

  • Sustainability

    Lady’s mantle is not yet included in the IUCN Red List of endangered species. A paper that was published in 2009 reviewed the populations of A. vulgaris and concluded that in a new red list for Great Britain this species is classified as ‘endangered’ or ‘vulnerable’. This paper explained that the species had been included in the new Biodiversity Action Plan. 

    The sustainability issues with this species are thought to be due to of the management of the upland meadows and fells for food production, game birds and recreation (19).

    Habitat loss and over-harvesting from the wild are two of the biggest threats faced by medicinal plant species. There are an increasing number of well-known herbal medicines at risk of extinction. We must, therefore, ensure that we source our medicines with sustainability in mind.

    The herb supplement industry is growing at a rapid rate and until recent years a vast majority of medicinal plant produce in global trade was of unknown origin. There are some very real and urgent issues surrounding sustainability in the herb industry. These include environmental factors that affect the medicinal viability of herbs, the safety of the habitats that they are taken from, as well as the welfare of workers in the trade.

    The botanical supply chain efforts for improved visibility (transparency and traceability) into verifiably sustainable production sites around the world is now certificated through the emergence of credible international voluntary sustainability standards (VSS). 

    Read our article on Herbal quality & safety: What to know before you buy and Sustainable sourcing of herbs to learn more about what to look for and questions to ask suppliers about sustainability.

  • Quality control

    Herbal medicines are often very safe to take; however, their safety and efficacy can be jeopardised by quality issues. So, it is important to buy herbal medicines from a reputable supplier, from sources known to test their herbs to ensure there is no contamination, adulteration or substitution with incorrect plant matter, as well as ensuring that recognised marker compounds are at appropriate levels in the herbs.

    Some important quality assurances to look for are certified organic labelling, the correct scientific/botanical name, and the availability of information from the supplier about ingredient origins. A supplier should be able to tell you where the herbs have come from, what contaminants are not in the herb, and what the primary compounds are.

  • How to grow

    Lady’s mantle is easy to grow. It thrives best in slightly acidic to neutral soil however it is adaptable to most soil types. The best planting position is in full sun to partial shade although it will tolerate near-complete shade. The plant prefers a little afternoon shade in more tropical climates.

    • It can be grown by propagation of the root clump or from seed. Start seeds indoors. Germination usually takes place between three to four weeks
    • When the plants reach four inches high, they can be transplanted outdoors. Keep the transplants 12 inches apart; they will quickly fill in the empty spaces.
    • Lady’s mantle is drought-tolerant once established. It does not like to be waterlogged so ensure that the soil or container is well draining. Regular watering is required in extreme heat to prevent the leaves from drying out.
    • You may mulch around the base of the plant but not too close to the stem. Lady’s mantle tends to grow low to the ground, so keep the mulch from covering the leaves and lower stems. Rake debris around the plants to prevent moisture from fostering fungal diseases and crown rot.
    • To control the plant’s rampant self-seeding, it is recommended to deadhead them regularly. Lady’s mantle has a habit of spreading vigorously. Removing the flower stalks before they go to seed helps to curve this problem. Reducing water can also help to slow the overall rate of blooming (20).
  • Recipe

    Lady's mantle tea (Alchemilla vulgaris)
    Lady’s mantle tea (Alchemilla vulgaris)

    Lady’s mantle feminine tonic tea

    Lady’s mantle combines beautiful with raspberry leaf and rose. With the addition peppermint for freshness and the nourishing and blood tonifying qualities of nettle. This tea blend offers a delicious brew for morning or night with deeply restorative properties.

    Ingredients

    • 2 parts raspberry leaf
    • 2 parts lady’s mantle leaf
    • 1 part nettle leaf
    • ½ part peppermint leaf
    • ½ part rose petals

    Method

    • Blend the herbs together in a large bowl using a clean dry spoon. 
    • Once blended well, the herbs can be decanted into a clean, glass jar. 
    • To make the tea, add four tablespoons into a large teapot. Add approximately four cups of boiling water, cover, and steep for between 15 minutes (if drinking hot) or one hour (if drinking cold).
    • After the time has passed, strain out the herb material and pour the tea into your favourite mug.
    • The tea can be reheated in a pan or drunk cool with a slice of lemon later in the day. 
  • References

    1. Wood M. The Earthwise Herbal: A Complete Guide to New World Medicinal Plants. Berkeley, Calif. North Atlantic Books; 2009.
    2. Fisher C. Materia Medica of Western Herbs. Aeon Books; 2018.
    3. Tadić V, Krgović N, Žugić A. Lady’s mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris L., Rosaceae): A review of traditional uses, phytochemical profile, and biological properties. Lekovite sirovine. 2020;(40):66-74. doi:https://doi.org/10.5937/leksir2040066t
    4. British Herbal Medicine Association. Scientific Committee. A Guide to Traditional Herbal Medicines: A Sourcebook of Accepted Traditional Uses of Medicinal Plants within Europe. British Herbal Medicine Association; 2003.
    5. Brooke E. Woman’s Book of Herbs; 2018.
    6. A Modern Herbal | Lady’s Mantle. www.botanical.com. https://www.botanical.com/~botanid5/botanical/mgmh/l/ladman05.html
    7. Hoffmann D. Medical Herbalism – the Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Healing Arts Press; 2003.
    8. Hedley C, Shaw N. Plant Medicine. Aeon Books; 2023.
    9. Bernat. Alchemillae herba (Lady’s mantle) – Online consultation – ESCOP. ESCOP. Published October 23, 2013. Accessed September 3, 2024. https://www.escop.com/alchemillae-herba-ladys-mantle-online-consultation/
    10. Lawton K. Lady’s Mantle & Women’s Health. Seed Sistas. Published January 2, 2019. https://seedsistas.co.uk/2019/01/02/ladys-mantle-womens-health/
    11. Trickey R, Trickey Enterprises. Women, Hormones & the Menstrual Cycle. Melbourne Holistic Health Group; 2011.
    12. Takir S, Altun I, Sezgi B, Suzgec-Selcuk S, Mat A, Uydes-Dogan B. Vasorelaxant and blood pressure lowering effects of alchemilla vulgaris: A comparative study of methanol and aqueous extracts. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2015;11(41):163. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.149733
    13. Shrivastava R, John GW. Treatment of Aphthous Stomatitis with Topical Alchemilla vulgaris in Glycerine. Clinical Drug Investigation. 2006;26(10):567-573. doi:https://doi.org/10.2165/00044011-200626100-00003
    14. Plotnikov Mb, Алиев ОИ, V. Yu. Andreeva, Васильев АС, Калинкина ГИ. Effect of Alchemilla vulgaris extract on the structure and function of erythrocyte membranes during experimental arterial hypertension. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2006;141(6):708-711. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-006-0259-0
    15. Jelača S, Dajić-Stevanović Z, Vuković N, et al. Beyond Traditional Use of Alchemilla vulgaris: Genoprotective and Antitumor Activity In Vitro. Molecules. 2022;27(23):8113. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238113
    16. Lady’s Mantle, Alchemilla mollis. Wisconsin Horticulture. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ladys-mantle-alchemilla-mollis/
    17. Interactions checker. NatMed Pro. Published 2024. Accessed September 23, 2024. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com/home
    18. Williamson EM, Driver S, Baxter K. Stockley’s Herbal Medicines Interactions: A Guide to the Interactions of Herbal Medicines. Pharmaceutical Press; 2013.
    19. Bradshaw M. The decline of Lady’s-mantles (Alchemilla vulgaris L. agg.) and other hay-meadow species in Northern England since the 1950s. ALCHEMILLA DECLINE Watsonia. 2009;27:315-321. https://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats27p315.pdf
    20. Learn How to Grow Lady’s Mantle. The Spruce. https://www.thespruce.com/growing-ladys-mantle-alchemilla-mollis-in-the-garden-1402716
Aromatic
An ‘aromatic’ remedy, high in volatile essential oils, was most often associated with calming and sometimes ‘warming’ the digestion. Most kitchen spices and herbs have this quality: they were used both as flavouring and to ease the digestion of sometimes challenging pre-industrial foods. Many aromatics are classed as ‘carminatives’ and are used to reduce colic, bloating and agitated digestion. They also often feature in respiratory remedies for colds, chest and other airway infections. They are also classic calming inhalants and massage oils, and are the basis of aromatherapy for their mental benefits.
Astringent
The astringent taste you get with many plants (the most familiar is black tea after being stewed too long, or some red wines) is produced by complex polyphenols such as tannins. Tannins are used in concentrated form (eg from oak bark) to make leather from animal skins. The process of ‘tanning’ involves the coagulation of relatively fluid proteins in living tissues into tight clotted fibres (similar to the process of boiling an egg). Tannins in effect turn exposed surfaces on the body into leather. In the case of the lining of mouth and upper digestive tract this is only temporary as new mucosa are replenished, but in the meantime can calm inflamed or irritated surfaces. In the case of open wounds tannins can be a life-saver – when strong (as in the bark of broadleaved trees) they can seal a damaged surface. One group of tannins, the reddish-brown ‘condensed tannins’ are procyanidins, which can reduce inflammation and oxidative damage.
Bitter
Bitters are a very complex group of phytochemicals that stimulate the bitter receptors in the mouth. They were some of the most valuable remedies in ancient medicine. They were experienced as stimulating appetite and switching on a wide range of key digestive functions, including increasing bile clearance from the liver (as bile is a key factor in bowel health this can be translated into improving bowel functions and the microbiome). Many of these reputations are being supported by new research on the role of bitter receptors in the mouth and elsewhere round the body. Bitters were also seen as ‘cooling’ reducing the intensity of some fevers and inflammatory diseases.
Cooling
Traditional ‘cold’ or cooling’ remedies often contain bitter phytonutrients such a iridoids (gentian), sesiquterpenes (chamomile), anthraquinones (rhubarb root), mucilages (marshmallow), some alkaloids and flavonoids. They tend to influence the digestive system, liver and kidneys. Cooling herbs do just that; they diffuse, drain and clear heat from areas of inflammation, redness and irritation. Sweet, bitter and astringent herbs tend to be cooling.
Hot
Traditional ‘hot’ or ‘heating’ remedies, often containing spice ingredients like capsaicin, the gingerols (ginger), piperine (black or long pepper), curcumin (turmeric) or the sulfurous isothiocyanates from mustard, horseradich or wasabi, generate warmth when taken. In modern times this might translate as thermogenic and circulatory stimulant effects. There is evidence of improved tissue blood flow with such remedies: this would lead to a reduction in build-up of metabolites and tissue damage. Heating remedies were used to counter the impact of cold, reducing any symptoms made worse in the cold. .
Mucilaginous
Mucilages are complex carbohydrate based plant constituents with a slimy or ‘unctuous’ feel especially when chewed or macerated in water. Their effect is due simply to their physical coating exposed surfaces. From prehistory they were most often used as wound remedies for their soothing and healing effects on damaged tissues. Nowadays they are used more for these effects on the digestive lining, from the throat to the stomach, where they can relieve irritation and inflammation such as pharyngitis and gastritis. Some of the prominent mucilaginous remedies like slippery elm, aloe vera and the seaweeds can be used as physical buffers to reduce the harm and pain caused by reflux of excess stomach acid. Mucilages are also widely used to reduce dry coughing. Here the effect seems to be by reflex through embryonic nerve connections: reduced signals from the upper digestive wall appear to translate as reduced activity of airway muscles and increased activity of airway mucus cells. Some seed mucilages, such as in psyllium seed, flaxseed (linseed) or guar bean survive digestion to provide bulking laxative effects in the bowel. These can also reduce rate of absorption of sugar and cholesterol. .
Pungent
The pungent flavour refers to the powerful taste of hot spices including mustard (Brassica spp.), ginger (Zingiber officinale), horseradish (Amoracia rusticana), chilli (Capsicum spp.), and garlic (Allium sativum). These herbs act to enliven and invigorate the senses, and they often also have heating qualities. Unlike other tastes, the effect is not linked to a specific receptor on the tongue and instead acts through direct irritation of tissues and nerve endings. Energetically, pungent herbs are known to disperse energy (qi) throughout the body. Pharmacologically, pungent herbs dry excess moisture and mucus, as well as stimulate digestion and metabolism.
Resinous
Resins are most familiar as tacky discharges from pine trees (and as the substance in amber, and rosin for violin bows). They were most valued however as the basis of ancient commodities like frankincense and myrrh (two of the three gifts of the Three Wise Men to the baby Jesus) and getting access to their source was one benefit to Solomon for marrying the Queen of Sheba (now Ethiopia). Resins were the original antiseptic remedies, ground and applied as powders or pastes to wounds or inflamed tissues, and were also used for mummification. With alcohol distillation it was found that they could be dissolved in 90% alcohol and in this form they remain a most powerful mouthwash and gargle, for infected sore throats and gum disease. They never attracted much early research interest because they permanently coat expensive glassware! For use in the mouth, gums and throat hey are best combined with concentrated licorice extracts to keep the resins in suspension and add extra soothing properties. It appears that they work both as local antiseptics and by stimulating white blood cell activity under the mucosal surface. They feel extremely effective!
Salty
The salty flavour is immediately distinctive. A grain dropped onto the tongue is instantly moistening and a sprinkle on food enkindles digestion. This easily recognisable flavour has its receptors right at the front of the tongue. The salty flavor creates moisture and heat, a sinking and heavy effect which is very grounding for the nervous system and encourages stability. People who are solid and reliable become known as ‘the salt of the earth'.
Sharpness
The sharp taste of some fruits, and almost all unripe fruits, as well as vinegar and fermented foods, is produced by weak acids (the taste is generated by H+ ions from acids stimulating the sour taste buds). Sour taste buds are hard-wired to generate immediate reflex responses elsewhere in the body. Anyone who likes the refreshing taste of lemon or other citrus in the morning will know that one reflex effect is increased saliva production. Other effects are subjective rather than confirmed by research but there is a consistent view that they include increased digestive activity and contraction of the gallbladder.
Sour
The sour taste occurs because of the stimulation of hydrogen ions which trigger the sour taste receptors on the tongue. The more acidic a substance, the more hydrogen ions will be released. The sour taste comes from acidic substances including citrus, fermented foods, tannins, and vinegars. Sour foods and herbs absorb excess moisture, whilst also increasing the production of saliva. Energetically, sour substances tonify the lungs, playing a role in disease prevention. Excessive use, however, can result in malabsorption of nutrients. Examples of sour herbs include, rosehips (Rosa canina), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), rhubarb (Rheum palmatum), schisandra (Schisandra chinensis), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba).
Sweet
In the days when most people never tasted sugar, ‘sweetness’ was associated with the taste of basic foods: that of cooked vegetables, cereals and meat. In other words sweet was the quality of nourishment, and ‘tonic’ remedies. Describing a remedy as sweet generally led to that remedy being used in convalescence or recovery from illness. Interestingly, the plant constituents most often found in classic tonics like licorice, ginseng are plant steroids including saponins, which also have a sweet taste.
Umami
The umami taste was originally discovered in 1985 in Japan and is directly translated from the Japanese as a ‘pleasant savoury taste’. It is referred to as the ‘fifth taste’ and is a salty, rich, and meaty flavour. The umami flavour is produced by amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) found in many food and plant sources including tomatoes, mushrooms, seaweeds and soy-based foods. Umami foods can improve nutritional absorption and digestion as there are also umami receptors in the gut as well as the mouth. Examples of umami herbs include green tea (Camellia sinensis), reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), nettle (Urtica dioica), cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), shitake (Lentinula edodes) and bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus).

Sign up to our Newsletter

Sign up to our newsletter to receive the very latest in herbal insights.

Sign up to our newsletter