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herbal medicine

We share traditional, scientific and practical insights written by experienced herbalists and health experts from the world of herbal medicine and natural health

  • Herb overview

    Safety

    In significant excess wild yam may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and headaches.

    Sustainability

    Caution: At risk

    Key constituents

    Phytosterols: Beta-sitosterol
    Steroidal saponins: Diosgenin
    Alkaloids: Dioscorin

    Quality

    Native to North America
    Wild harvested
    Substitution risk with other Dioscorea spp. and addition of synthetic progesterone

    Key actions

    Antispasmodic
    Anti-inflammatory
    Cholagogue
    Hormonal modulator

    Key indications

    IBS
    Dysmenorrhoea
    Colic
    Menopause

    Key energetics

    Cold
    Dry
    Bitter

    Preperation and dosage

    Root and rhizome
    Tincture (1:5 | 45%): 20–40 ml per week
    Decoction: 6–12 g per day

  • How does it feel?

    Wild yam leaves a bitter taste after prolonged chewing of its rhizome (1). When prepared as a decoction, it can feel mildly thick or starchy because of its saponin content (2). When taken internally, it generally produces a relaxing and grounding effect, particularly on smooth muscle tissue (3).

    Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa)
    Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa)
    Wild yam root (Dioscorea villosa)

  • What practitioners say

    Digestive systemDigestive system

    Wild yam is a useful antispasmodic plant used to relieve colic spasms, IBS, biliary colic and bloating (4). It is also used in inflammatory conditions of the bowel, such as colitis and diverticulitis (4).

    Mrs Grieve wrote in her Modern Herbal book: “perhaps the best relief and promptest cure for bilious colic”, highlighting its antispasmodic action (6).

    Reproductive system

    Wild yam helps to regulate levels of oestrogen and progesterone. Its steroidal saponins are converted into diosgenin, which is a precursor of progesterone (4). However, research suggests that steroidal saponins primarily exert an oestrogenic effect on the body, with a secondary progestogenic action (10). These compounds bind to oestrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and can, therefore, be beneficial in alleviating symptoms associated with the low-oestrogen environment of menopause (5,10).

    The antispasmodic properties of wild yam explain why it is used to relieve tension in the uterus and ovaries. It is indicated for spasmodic dysmenorrhoea accompanied by nausea and ovarian and/or uterine pain. The herb is traditionally used as a hormone-balancing and nourishing tonic in cases of low libido, infertility, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (3,4,8).

    Some practitioners say that it may also be helpful in relieving nausea and cramping during pregnancy (4,6). However, in pregnancy it should only be taken in small amounts and always under the guidance of a qualified herbalist.

    Musculoskeletal system

    The antispasmodic action helps to relieve muscular spasms and pain, including muscle twitches, restless legs, and leg cramps (4). As wild yam has anti-inflammatory properties, it can be beneficial in conditions such as arthritis and gout (3). Traditionally, the herb has been used in the management of convulsions and epilepsy (4).

    Immune system

    Its anti-inflammatory properties make it useful in autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. It can improve immune function and has been suggested to stimulate interferon production (4).

    Nervous system

    The herb has a calming effect on the nervous system, helping to ease anxiety and muscle tension (9). It can also help to relieve mood swings associated with PMS and menopause.

  • Wild yam research

    Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa)
    Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa)

    Effects of wild yam extract on menopausal symptoms, lipids and sex hormones in healthy menopausal women (11)

    This double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study tested a topical wild yam cream on 23 menopausal women to determine effects on common symptoms, hormone levels, and side effects. After three months of treatment, the study found no significant difference between the wild yam cream and placebo for menopausal symptom relief or hormone changes such as oestradiol or progesterone levels. The formulation had no side effects, so was very safe to use.  

    Bioassay-guided evaluation of Dioscorea villosa — an acute and subchronic toxicity, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory approach (12)

    In an animal study, wild yam extract demonstrated both antinociceptive (pain-reducing) and anti-inflammatory effects in rodent models of pain and inflammation. Doses of 200–400 mg/kg significantly reduced chemically induced writhing and formalin pain responses, and inhibited leukocyte migration, an indicator of reduced inflammation. Importantly, this study also reported no significant acute or subchronic toxicity in treated rodents, supporting traditional use for inflammatory pain relief.

    The anticancer potential of steroidal saponin, dioscin, isolated from wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) root extract in invasive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 in vitro (13)

    This in vitro study investigated the anticancer effects of dioscin, a steroidal saponin isolated from wild yam on the invasive human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The researchers found that dioscin inhibited cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, while also affecting gene expression related to immune response, inflammation and steroid biosynthesis.

  • Historical use of Wild yam

    Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa)
    Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa)

    Wild yam has a long history of use in Indigenous North American medicine and later in Eclectic herbal practice (7,8). Indigenous peoples valued the root for its ability to relieve pain and ease spasms, using it for colic, difficult labour, musculoskeletal pain and a range of digestive complaints (7,9). Its strong antispasmodic action made it especially useful in conditions involving cramping or tension, particularly in the gastrointestinal and pelvic regions.

    During the nineteenth century, Eclectic physicians commonly referred to wild yam as “colic root”, reflecting its reputation as a reliable remedy for intestinal, biliary and renal colic (8). It was frequently prescribed for gallstones, dyspepsia, severe abdominal cramping, and persistent nausea, often combined with other antispasmodic herbs, such as cramp bark (Viburnum opulus) or black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) (9). Thomas Bartram describes its actions as antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, muscle-relaxant, and cholagogue, noting its usefulness in inflammatory rheumatism, stomach and muscle cramps, as well as disorders of the liver and gallbladder. He also suggested that its anti-inflammatory effects were linked to its steroidal constituents (9).

    Wild yam was also widely used for gynaecological issues, particularly for painful menstruation, uterine irritation and symptoms associated with menopause (3,4). Traditionally, it was considered to soothe and strengthen the reproductive organs while easing pain and inflammation. Its association with hormonal support developed more strongly in the twentieth century, following the identification of diosgenin and its later use in the manufacture of steroidal hormones (1,5).

  • Wild yam’s herbal actions

    Herbal actions describe therapeutic changes that occur in the body in response to taking a herb. These actions are used to express how a herb physiologically influences cells, tissues, organs or systems. Clinical observations are traditionally what have defined these actions: an increase in urine output, diuretic; improved wound healing, vulnerary; or a reduction in fever, antipyretic. These descriptors too have become a means to group herbs by their effects on the body — herbs with a nervine action have become the nervines, herbs with a bitter action are the bitters. Recognising herbs as members of these groups provides a preliminary familiarity with their mechanisms from which to then develop an understanding of their affinities and nuance and discern their clinical significance.

    Western actions

  • Wild yam’s energetic qualities

    Herbal energetics are the descriptions Herbalists have given to plants, mushrooms, lichens, foods, and some minerals based on the direct experience of how they taste, feel, and work in the body. All traditional health systems use these principles to explain how the environment we live in and absorb, impacts our health. Find out more about traditional energetic actions in our article “An introduction to herbal energetics“.

  • What can I use wild yam for?

    Wild yam root (Dioscorea villosa)
    Wild yam root (Dioscorea villosa)

    Wild yam has antispasmodic properties, making it especially valuable for conditions involving smooth muscle tension and cramping, particularly involving the bowel and the uterus (3,4). It is widely used for gastrointestinal spasms such as intestinal colic, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and gallbladder/biliary pain (3,4). By relaxing involuntary muscle contractions, wild yam helps relieve sharp, gripping or twisting pains without suppressing normal digestive function (5).

    Wild yam is also used for menstrual pain and reproductive system disorders (5). Wild yam is commonly used for menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea), uterine cramping, and ovarian pain (3,4). While it does not contain progesterone, its steroidal saponins, especially diosgenin, support endocrine balance indirectly by influencing hormone metabolism and reducing inflammatory stress on the reproductive organs (5).

    Wild yam has anti-inflammatory properties, making it useful in inflammatory rheumatic pain (3). It is often indicated when pain presents as spasmodic or associated with nervous tension. Its calming action on the nervous system can help reduce pain exacerbated by stress or anxiety.

    Additionally, wild yam is traditionally considered a cholagogue, which means it can support hepatic and biliary function, help fat digestion and ease congestion in the liver and gallbladder (6). It can be used in cases of biliary colic, sluggish digestion or digestive discomfort linked to biliary stagnation (7,8).

  • Did you know?

    Although wild yam contains the steroidal saponin diosgenin, which is used industrially to manufacture progesterone and other steroid hormones, it is likely that this conversion does not happen in the body (10,14). The chemical transformation requires laboratory processes (14). This has helped shift wild yam’s reputation away from being a ‘natural progesterone’ and toward its true strengths as an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and oestrogen modulator and pain-relieving herb.

  • Botanical description

    Wild yam is a perennial, twining vine with slender, climbing stems that can reach 3–5 m in length.

    The plant has alternate, heart-shaped to ovate leaves with prominent parallel venation, typically 7–9 veins radiating from the leaf base. Leaves are smooth, thin, and pointed at the tip, with long petioles (3, 8).

    Wild yam is dioecious, producing male and female flowers on separate plants (3). The flowers are small, greenish-white to yellowish, and borne in drooping panicles or spikes.

    The most medicinally significant part of the plant is its thick, knotty, horizontal rhizome, which is brown externally, white to yellowish internally.

  • Habitat

    Wild yam is native to eastern North America, ranging from southern Ontario and New England through the eastern and southeastern United States, extending westward to Texas and the Midwest (8, 18). It grows primarily in deciduous woodlands, forest edges, thickets, and moist slopes, favouring well-drained, loamy soils rich in organic matter. The plant thrives in partial shade and is often found climbing over shrubs or low trees (19). Although native, wild yam has declined in some areas due to overharvesting and habitat loss, and it is now sometimes cultivated for medicinal use to reduce pressure on wild populations.

  • How to grow wild yam

    It grows best in temperate climates in partial shade, mimicking woodland-edge conditions. It prefers well-drained soil rich in organic matter and requires a trellis or nearby shrubs for its twining vine to climb. Propagation is most reliable from rhizome divisions, planted horizontally in spring about 5–8 cm deep, though it can also be grown from seed with patience. Keep soil consistently moist during establishment, then water moderately once established. Wild yam is slow growing, and rhizomes are typically harvested after 3–5 years, ideally in autumn after the foliage dies back (20).

  • Herbal preparation of wild yam

    A decoction is the traditional method for internal use. The average dose is 2º4 g or fluid equivalent, taken three times daily (3). To prepare a decoction, use 1 teaspoon to each cup of water gently simmered for 20 minutes (9). 

    Tinctures can offer a more convenient and concentrated form. Alcohol extracts the steroidal saponins effectively, making tinctures suitable for conditions such as menstrual cramps, muscle spasms, and biliary colic (16,17).

    Externally, wild yam can be prepared as poultices, oils or creams (4).

  • Plant parts used

    Root and rhizome (1,4)

  • Dosage

    • Tincture (1:5 | 45%):  20–40 ml per week (1,3)
    • Infusion/decoction: 6–12 g per day (1,3,9).
    • According to the British Herbal Pharmacopeia (BHP): Ethanolic extract 1:5 45% 2–10 ml in water (9)

  • Constituents

    • Phytosterols: Beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol (3)
    • Steroidal saponins: Diosgenin (absorbable glycoside), dioscin, protodioscin (1, 2, 3)
    • Alkaloids: Dioscorin (3)
    • Flavonoids
    • Tannins

  • Wild yam recipe

    Wild yam poultice

    This poultice can be used to ease joint pain, stiffness, and spasmodic or rheumatic discomfort, particularly where pain is aggravated by muscular tension or inflammation.

    Ingredients

    • 2–3 tablespoons dried wild yam root, finely powdered
    • Hot water (as needed)
    • Optional adjunct: 1 tablespoon of ginger powder or grated ginger for warming circulation (9)

    How to make a wild yam poultice

    • Place the powdered wild yam root in a heatproof bowl.
    • Gradually add hot (not boiling) water, stirring until a thick, spreadable paste forms.
    • Allow the mixture to cool slightly to a comfortably warm temperature.
    • Spread the paste evenly onto a clean cloth or directly onto the affected joint.
    • Cover with another cloth or bandage to retain warmth.

    Application

    • Apply to the affected joint for 20–30 minutes, once or twice daily.
    • Remove and gently rinse the area with warm water.
5 herbs instead of anti-inflammatories

5 herbs instead of anti-inflammatories

  • Safety

    In significant excess it may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and headaches (4). Generally safe in pregnancy in low doses but consult with a qualified herbalist before taking (1, 4). Bartram recommends to avoid in pregnancy (9). There are no established guidelines for using wild yam while breastfeeding.

  • Interactions

    There is no information on the potential interactions of wild yam and pharmaceutical drugs (1). Diosgenin and dioscin show mild inhibition of CYP3A4 in vitro, but the concentrations needed are very high, making significant drug interactions unlikely in real-world scenarios (15).

  • Contraindications

    None known (1,3,4)

  • Sustainability status of wild yam

    Wild yam has no formal global IUCN Red List status. Nature Serve lists wild yam as a G5 (safe) plant in the United Stated: “with no obvious intrinsic vulnerabilities, this species is considered secure”. Although in the state of Nebraska it is a G1 (critically endangered) and in Kansas is S2 (endangered) (18). 

    Habitat loss and over-harvesting from the wild are two of the biggest threats faced by medicinal plant species. There are an increasing number of well-known herbal medicines at risk of extinction. We must, therefore, ensure that we source our medicines with sustainability in mind.

    The herb supplement industry is growing at a rapid rate and until recent years a vast majority of medicinal plant produce in global trade was of unknown origin. There are some very real and urgent issues surrounding sustainability in the herb industry. These include environmental factors that affect the medicinal viability of herbs, the safety of the habitats that they are taken from, as well as the welfare of workers in the trade.

    The botanical supply chain efforts for improved visibility (transparency and traceability) into verifiably sustainable production sites around the world is now certificated through the emergence of credible international voluntary sustainability standards (VSS). 

    Read our article on Herbal quality & safety: What to know before you buy and Sustainable sourcing of herbs to learn more about what to look for and questions to ask suppliers about sustainability.

  • Quality control

    Herbal medicines are often very safe to take; however, their safety and efficacy can be jeopardised by quality issues. So, it is important to buy herbal medicines from a reputable supplier, from sources known to test their herbs to ensure there is no contamination, adulteration or substitution with incorrect plant matter, as well as ensuring that recognised marker compounds are at appropriate levels in the herbs.

    Some important quality assurances to look for are certified organic labelling, the correct scientific/botanical name, and the availability of information from the supplier about ingredient origins. A supplier should be able to tell you where the herbs have come from, what contaminants are not in the herb, and what the primary compounds are.

Related herbs

Cramp bark (Viburnum spp.)

Cramp bark

Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)

Black cohosh

Related conditions

Diarrhoea

Diarrhoea

Menopause

Menopause

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Balancing oestrogen

Balancing oestrogen

Aromatic
An ‘aromatic’ remedy, high in volatile essential oils, was most often associated with calming and sometimes ‘warming’ the digestion. Most kitchen spices and herbs have this quality: they were used both as flavouring and to ease the digestion of sometimes challenging pre-industrial foods. Many aromatics are classed as ‘carminatives’ and are used to reduce colic, bloating and agitated digestion. They also often feature in respiratory remedies for colds, chest and other airway infections. They are also classic calming inhalants and massage oils, and are the basis of aromatherapy for their mental benefits.
Astringent
The astringent taste you get with many plants (the most familiar is black tea after being stewed too long, or some red wines) is produced by complex polyphenols such as tannins. Tannins are used in concentrated form (e.g. from oak bark) to make leather from animal skins. The process of ‘tanning’ involves the coagulation of relatively fluid proteins in living tissues into tight clotted fibres (similar to the process of boiling an egg). Tannins in effect turn exposed surfaces on the body into leather. In the case of the lining of mouth and upper digestive tract this is only temporary as new mucosa are replenished, but in the meantime can calm inflamed or irritated surfaces. In the case of open wounds tannins can be a life-saver – when strong (as in the bark of broadleaved trees) they can seal a damaged surface. One group of tannins, the reddish-brown ‘condensed tannins’ are procyanidins, which can reduce inflammation and oxidative damage.
Bitter
Bitters are a very complex group of phytochemicals that stimulate the bitter receptors in the mouth. They were some of the most valuable remedies in ancient medicine. They were experienced as stimulating appetite and switching on a wide range of key digestive functions, including increasing bile clearance from the liver (as bile is a key factor in bowel health this can be translated into improving bowel functions and the microbiome). Many of these reputations are being supported by new research on the role of bitter receptors in the mouth and elsewhere round the body. Bitters were also seen as ‘cooling’ reducing the intensity of some fevers and inflammatory diseases.
Bland
Blandness refers to a mild, plain, non-stimulating taste and an energetic action that neither irritates nor strongly activates physiological processes. In traditional Chinese medicine, bland substances gently drain dampness and promote urination, relieving excess fluid whilst also preserving qi and yin. Western traditional medicine similarly associates healing with bland substances that avoid extremes of heat or cold and promote restoration of balance. Blandness signifies regulation by supporting elimination and normal tissue function without forceful stimulation, helping to create a gentle and balanced state of homeostasis.
Cooling
Traditional ‘cold’ or cooling’ remedies often contain bitter phytonutrients such a iridoids (gentian), sesiquterpenes (chamomile), anthraquinones (rhubarb root), mucilages (marshmallow), some alkaloids and flavonoids. They tend to influence the digestive system, liver and kidneys. Cooling herbs do just that; they diffuse, drain and clear heat from areas of inflammation, redness and irritation. Sweet, bitter and astringent herbs tend to be cooling.
Hot

Traditional ‘hot’ or ‘heating’ remedies, often containing spice ingredients like capsaicin, the gingerols (ginger), piperine (black or long pepper), curcumin (turmeric) or the sulfurous isothiocyanates from mustard, horseradish or wasabi, generate warmth when taken.

In modern times this might translate as thermogenic and circulatory stimulant effects. There is evidence of improved tissue blood flow with such remedies: this would lead to a reduction in build-up of metabolites and tissue damage.

Heating remedies were used to counter the impact of cold, reducing any symptoms made worse in the cold.

Mucilaginous
Mucilages are complex carbohydrate based plant constituents with a slimy or ‘unctuous’ feel especially when chewed or macerated in water. Their effect is due simply to their physical coating exposed surfaces. From prehistory they were most often used as wound remedies for their soothing and healing effects on damaged tissues. Nowadays they are used more for these effects on the digestive lining, from the throat to the stomach, where they can relieve irritation and inflammation such as pharyngitis and gastritis. Some of the prominent mucilaginous remedies like slippery elm, aloe vera and the seaweeds can be used as physical buffers to reduce the harm and pain caused by reflux of excess stomach acid. Mucilages are also widely used to reduce dry coughing. Here the effect seems to be by reflex through embryonic nerve connections: reduced signals from the upper digestive wall appear to translate as reduced activity of airway muscles and increased activity of airway mucus cells. Some seed mucilages, such as in psyllium seed, flaxseed (linseed) or guar bean survive digestion to provide bulking laxative effects in the bowel. These can also reduce rate of absorption of sugar and cholesterol.
Neutral
Neutral herbs are characterised as by balanced temperature and energetics — neither warming nor cooling, nor strongly dispersing nor consolidating, and are, therefore, used across a wide spectrum of constitutional and pathological states. In Chinese medicine, this level, calm quality supports the centre, and gently strengthens digestion, regulates fluids, and resolves damp without provoking too much heat or cold. In Western medicine, neutral herbs are regarded as equal in relation to hot/cold or damp/dry and capable of maintaining a state of equilibrium. Neutral herbs can be seen as moderating reactivity, and supporting homeostasis rather than forcing change.
Pungent
The pungent flavour refers to the powerful taste of hot spices including mustard (Brassica spp.), ginger (Zingiber officinale), horseradish (Amoracia rusticana), chilli (Capsicum spp.), and garlic (Allium sativum). These herbs act to enliven and invigorate the senses, and they often also have heating qualities. Unlike other tastes, the effect is not linked to a specific receptor on the tongue and instead acts through direct irritation of tissues and nerve endings. Energetically, pungent herbs are known to disperse energy (qi) throughout the body. Pharmacologically, pungent herbs dry excess moisture and mucus, as well as stimulate digestion and metabolism.
Resinous
Resins are most familiar as tacky discharges from pine trees (and as the substance in amber, and rosin for violin bows). They were most valued however as the basis of ancient commodities like frankincense and myrrh (two of the three gifts of the Three Wise Men to the baby Jesus) and getting access to their source was one benefit to Solomon for marrying the Queen of Sheba (now Ethiopia). Resins were the original antiseptic remedies, ground and applied as powders or pastes to wounds or inflamed tissues, and were also used for mummification. With alcohol distillation it was found that they could be dissolved in 90% alcohol and in this form they remain a most powerful mouthwash and gargle, for infected sore throats and gum disease. They never attracted much early research interest because they permanently coat expensive glassware! For use in the mouth, gums and throat hey are best combined with concentrated licorice extracts to keep the resins in suspension and add extra soothing properties. It appears that they work both as local antiseptics and by stimulating white blood cell activity under the mucosal surface. They feel extremely effective!
Salty
The salty flavour is immediately distinctive. A grain dropped onto the tongue is instantly moistening and a sprinkle on food enkindles digestion. This easily recognisable flavour has its receptors right at the front of the tongue. The salty flavor creates moisture and heat, a sinking and heavy effect which is very grounding for the nervous system and encourages stability. People who are solid and reliable become known as ‘the salt of the earth'.
Sharp
The sharp taste of some fruits, and almost all unripe fruits, as well as vinegar and fermented foods, is produced by weak acids (the taste is generated by H+ ions from acids stimulating the sour taste buds). Sour taste buds are hard-wired to generate immediate reflex responses elsewhere in the body. Anyone who likes the refreshing taste of lemon or other citrus in the morning will know that one reflex effect is increased saliva production. Other effects are subjective rather than confirmed by research but there is a consistent view that they include increased digestive activity and contraction of the gallbladder.
Sour
The sour taste occurs because of the stimulation of hydrogen ions which trigger the sour taste receptors on the tongue. The more acidic a substance, the more hydrogen ions will be released. The sour taste comes from acidic substances including citrus, fermented foods, tannins, and vinegars. Sour foods and herbs absorb excess moisture, whilst also increasing the production of saliva. Energetically, sour substances tonify the lungs, playing a role in disease prevention. Excessive use, however, can result in malabsorption of nutrients. Examples of sour herbs include, rosehips (Rosa canina), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), rhubarb (Rheum palmatum), schisandra (Schisandra chinensis), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba).
Sweet
In the days when most people never tasted sugar, ‘sweetness’ was associated with the taste of basic foods: that of cooked vegetables, cereals and meat. In other words sweet was the quality of nourishment, and ‘tonic’ remedies. Describing a remedy as sweet generally led to that remedy being used in convalescence or recovery from illness. Interestingly, the plant constituents most often found in classic tonics like licorice, ginseng are plant steroids including saponins, which also have a sweet taste.
Umami
The umami taste was originally discovered in 1985 in Japan and is directly translated from the Japanese as a ‘pleasant savoury taste’. It is referred to as the ‘fifth taste’ and is a salty, rich, and meaty flavour. The umami flavour is produced by amino acids (glutamic acid and aspartic acid) found in many food and plant sources including tomatoes, mushrooms, seaweeds and soy-based foods. Umami foods can improve nutritional absorption and digestion as there are also umami receptors in the gut as well as the mouth. Examples of umami herbs include green tea (Camellia sinensis), reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), nettle (Urtica dioica), cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), shitake (Lentinula edodes) and bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus).

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